Europe and the Middle East

ESRF

Grenoble — the European Synchrotron, and the world’s first high-energy fourth-generation source after its EBS upgrade.

SOLEIL

Near Paris — France’s national synchrotron, now preparing the SOLEIL II upgrade.

Diamond Light Source

Oxfordshire — the UK’s national synchrotron, with the Diamond-II upgrade under way.

ALBA

Barcelona — Spain’s third-generation synchrotron, serving academia and industry.

BESSY II

Berlin — a soft X-ray synchrotron at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin.

PETRA III

Hamburg — one of the world’s brightest high-energy storage-ring sources at DESY, with PETRA IV planned.

FLASH

Hamburg — DESY’s soft X-ray free-electron laser, the first FEL to reach the soft X-ray range.

European XFEL

Hamburg–Schenefeld — a 3.4 km superconducting hard X-ray free-electron laser.

Elettra

Trieste — Italy’s synchrotron, with a long record in soft X-ray and VUV science.

FERMI

Trieste — a seeded free-electron laser producing highly coherent ultraviolet and soft X-ray pulses.

MAX IV

Lund — the world’s first multi-bend-achromat, fourth-generation storage ring.

Swiss Light Source

PSI, Villigen — a high-performance synchrotron, upgraded as SLS 2.0.

SwissFEL

PSI, Villigen — a compact hard X-ray free-electron laser.

SOLARIS

Kraków — Poland’s national synchrotron, built on the MAX IV design.

FELBE / TELBE

Dresden — infrared and terahertz free-electron and superradiant sources at HZDR.

ROBL at ESRF

Grenoble — the Rossendorf Beamline, operated by HZDR at the ESRF for radiochemistry and materials research.

SESAME

Allan, Jordan — an intergovernmental synchrotron serving the Middle East, modelled on CERN.